The Kumbum of Gyantse and the secret of the ancient Buddhist temples
Almost everyone who visits Tibet with enough time includes Gyantse in their itinerary, and in this city, a visit to its famous Kumbum. This pyramidal building fascinates travelers with the exuberance of its interior frescoes, the iconographic variety of its chapels, and the serenity of the centuries-old structure itself. It may also reveal the secret of what the oldest Buddhist chörtens were really like. L. A. Waddell, who visited it in 1906, explains his theory.
The Kumbum of Gyantse was modeled on the pagoda of Gaya.
The great pagoda by the side of this temple (photo, p. 234) is locally known as the “ Gandhola ,” the old Indian title of the great pagoda of Gaya in India erected on the hub of the Buddhist universe, the spot where the sage Sakya obtained his supreme enlightenment and became a Buddha, and the attendants of this Gyantse pagoda had a tradition that their building was a model of the Indian one transplanted to Tibet. Were this really so, it would be of immense interest as helping us to ascertain what the original, or at least the mediaeval, form of the Buddh Gaya temple was before its ruins were “restored” by the Bengal Government about a quarter of a century ago, when the great liberties taken with its structural features excited severe adverse criticism. As I knew the Buddh Gaya pagoda well, I was in a position to form an opinion as to the truth or falsity of the tradition regarding this one.
More than reasonable similarities.
At first sight there is little resemblance between the two present-day buildings, except that both are semi-solid, tapering, domed buildings about the same height, and each encloses a large shrine with an image of Buddha in the centre of its basement, the so-called Vihara-chaitya of the Indians. In both the entrance door and the chief image face the west, and in this one a small tree grows on the eastern face in the position of the great Bodhi tree at Gaya. Making due allowance for the plastered facing of the Gyantse one and the sculptured stone of its reputed original as permitting of some alterations creeping into the former in the course of years of repeated renovations, I am of opinion that the resemblance is undoubted, and that this one was really modelled after the Indian one, and so affords us indications for the restoration of some details of the latter.
Description of the Kumbum pagoda.
This pagoda is nearly 100 feet high, with a circumfer-ence at its base of about 200 yards, and has the general form of the “ chorten» or relic -tomb that we have already seen so frequently, and which is considered to symbolise the five elements into which bodies are resolved on death (see diagram opposite). It has stepped terraces of plinths below, surmounted by a drum-shaped body which is crowned by the spire of great gilt rings and an umbrella canopy. It is eight storeys high, the lower five forming the steps of the plinth, the sixth the great drum, and the seventh the gilt spire and its basement. Each of these terraced storeys has an outer balustrade, reached by the inner stair, for the pilgrims to perambulate around and enter the shrines on each flat. It may be considered an octagonal building with the alternate faces notched into a double recess, an arrangement that gives a many-cornered star shape of twelve faces to each storey, and a vertical ribbing to the sides of the building (see photo, p. 216). In each of the twelve faces is a small chapel dedicated to a different Buddhist divinity, whose effigies are many- armed and identical with those at Buddh Gaya in the house of the Hindu caretaker there, the Mohant.
The upper storeys.
Entrance is gained to the upper storeys by inside stairs, which go off to the right and left of the central chapel facing the entrance. On the topmost storey, under the gilt dome, are the large “magic circles,” the exact counterparts of those two large circular black stones now lying at Gaya engraved with figures within a ring of thunderbolts, which I showed some years ago to be “ magic circles” for exorcising evil spirits. Here also is a fresco of the local chief Rabtan, whose reputed sword is kept here to touch the heads of pilgrims. The thirteen rings forming the spire above the drum are heavily gilded copper, and represent the heavens of the Indian Buddhists. They are capped by a wide projecting gilt umbrella of royalty, from the margin of which depends a deep fringe of bells with wide leafy tongues, which chime in the breeze as in the pagodas of Burma. Foreshortened from below as we look up to it, it seems a cluster of terraced corners capped by the mushroom top of the drum and its umbrella. It is noticeable that this Gyantse pagoda wants the four corner towers on the roof of the first storey which are such a striking feature of the restored Indian building.
These, if present in the original, may have disappeared from the ruin at the time it was taken as a model for this one. There is an oral tradition that the pagoda is much older than the temple itself.
The walls and upper cornices are faced by images and ornamentation painted on the plaster. Only a few sculptured stone slabs exist, and are of rude local workmanship. Neither in this building nor in any other of those I visited did I see any ancient stone or brazen images from India, nor could I hear of any.
All the itineraries we have scheduled for 2026 include a visit to this wonderful building.
Waddell, L. A., Lhasa and its Mysteries: with a record of the expedition of 1903–1904, Methuen & Co., London, 1906, p. 230 ff.
About me: I have spent 30 years in China, much of the time traveling and studying this country’s culture. My most popular research focuses on Chinese characters (Chinese Characters: An Easy Learning Method Based on Their Etymology and Evolution), Matriarchy in China (there is a book with this title), and minority cultures (The Naxi of Southwest China).
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