The Kumbum of Gyantse and the secret of the ancient Buddhist temples

The Kumbum of Gyantse and the secret of the ancient Buddhist temples

Almost everyone who visits Tibet with enough time includes Gyantse in their itinerary, and in this city, a visit to its famous Kumbum. This pyramidal building fascinates travelers with the exuberance of its interior frescoes, the iconographic variety of its chapels, and the serenity of the centuries-old structure itself. It may also reveal the secret of what the oldest Buddhist chörtens were really like. L. A. Waddell, who visited it in 1906, explains his theory.

The Kumbum of Gyantse was modeled on the pagoda of Gaya.

The  great  pagoda  by  the  side  of  this  temple  (photo,  p.  234)  is  locally  known  as  the  “ Gandhola ,”  the  old  Indian  title  of  the  great  pagoda  of  Gaya  in  India  erected  on  the  hub  of  the  Buddhist  universe,  the  spot  where  the  sage  Sakya  obtained  his  supreme  enlightenment  and  became  a Buddha,  and  the  attendants  of  this  Gyantse  pagoda  had  a tradition  that  their  building  was  a model  of  the  Indian  one   transplanted  to  Tibet.  Were  this  really  so,  it  would  be  of  immense  interest  as  helping  us  to  ascertain  what  the  original,  or  at  least  the  mediaeval,  form  of  the  Buddh  Gaya  temple  was  before  its  ruins  were  “restored”  by  the  Bengal  Government  about  a quarter  of  a century  ago,  when  the  great  liberties  taken  with  its  structural  features  excited  severe  adverse  criticism.  As  I knew  the  Buddh  Gaya  pagoda  well,  I was  in  a position  to  form  an  opinion  as  to  the  truth  or  falsity  of  the  tradition regarding  this  one.

More than reasonable similarities.

At  first  sight  there  is  little  resemblance  between  the  two  present-day  buildings,  except  that  both  are  semi-solid,  tapering,  domed  buildings  about  the  same  height,  and  each  encloses  a large  shrine  with  an  image  of  Buddha  in  the  centre  of  its  basement,  the  so-called  Vihara-chaitya  of  the  Indians.  In  both  the  entrance  door  and  the  chief  image  face  the  west,  and  in  this  one  a small  tree  grows  on  the  eastern  face  in  the  position  of  the  great  Bodhi  tree  at  Gaya.  Making  due  allowance  for  the  plastered  facing  of  the  Gyantse  one  and  the  sculptured  stone  of  its  reputed  original  as  permitting  of  some  alterations  creeping  into  the  former  in  the  course  of  years  of  repeated  renovations,  I am  of  opinion  that  the  resemblance  is  undoubted,  and  that  this  one  was  really  modelled  after  the  Indian  one,  and  so  affords  us  indications  for  the  restoration  of  some  details  of  the  latter.

Description of the Kumbum pagoda.

This  pagoda  is  nearly  100  feet  high,  with  a circumfer-ence at  its  base  of  about  200  yards,  and  has  the  general  form  of  the  “ chorten»  or  relic -tomb  that  we  have  already  seen  so  frequently,  and  which  is  considered  to  symbolise  the  five  elements  into  which  bodies  are  resolved  on  death  (see  diagram  opposite).  It  has  stepped  terraces  of  plinths  below,  surmounted  by  a drum-shaped  body  which  is  crowned  by  the  spire  of  great  gilt  rings  and  an  umbrella  canopy.  It  is  eight  storeys  high,  the  lower  five  forming  the  steps  of  the  plinth,  the  sixth   the  great  drum,  and  the  seventh  the  gilt  spire  and  its  basement.  Each  of  these  terraced  storeys  has  an  outer  balustrade,  reached  by  the  inner  stair,  for  the  pilgrims  to  perambulate  around  and  enter  the  shrines  on  each  flat.  It  may  be  considered  an  octagonal  building  with  the  alternate  faces  notched  into  a double  recess,  an  arrangement  that  gives  a many-cornered  star  shape  of  twelve  faces  to  each  storey,  and  a vertical  ribbing  to  the  sides  of  the  building  (see  photo,  p.  216).  In  each  of  the  twelve  faces  is  a small  chapel  dedicated  to  a different  Buddhist  divinity,  whose  effigies  are  many-  armed and  identical  with  those  at  Buddh  Gaya  in  the  house  of  the  Hindu  caretaker  there,  the  Mohant.

The upper storeys.

Entrance  is  gained  to  the  upper storeys  by  inside  stairs,  which  go  off to  the  right  and  left  of  the  central chapel  facing  the  entrance.  On  the topmost  storey,  under  the  gilt  dome, are  the  large  “magic  circles,”  the exact  counterparts  of  those  two  large  circular  black  stones  now  lying  at Gaya  engraved  with  figures  within  a ring  of  thunderbolts,  which  I showed some  years  ago  to  be  “ magic  circles” for  exorcising  evil  spirits.  Here  also is  a fresco  of  the  local  chief  Rabtan,  whose  reputed sword  is  kept  here  to  touch  the  heads  of  pilgrims.  The thirteen  rings  forming  the  spire  above  the  drum  are heavily  gilded  copper,  and  represent  the  heavens  of the  Indian  Buddhists.  They  are  capped  by  a wide projecting  gilt  umbrella  of  royalty,  from  the  margin  of which  depends  a deep  fringe  of  bells  with  wide  leafy tongues,  which  chime  in  the  breeze  as  in  the  pagodas of  Burma.  Foreshortened  from  below  as  we  look  up to  it,  it  seems  a cluster  of  terraced  corners  capped  by the  mushroom  top  of  the  drum  and  its  umbrella.  It is  noticeable  that  this  Gyantse  pagoda  wants  the  four corner  towers  on  the  roof  of  the  first  storey  which  are such  a striking  feature  of  the  restored  Indian  building.

These,  if  present  in  the  original,  may  have  disappeared from  the  ruin  at  the  time  it  was  taken  as  a model  for this  one.  There  is  an  oral  tradition  that  the  pagoda is  much  older  than  the  temple  itself.

The  walls  and  upper  cornices  are  faced  by  images and  ornamentation  painted  on  the  plaster.  Only  a few sculptured  stone  slabs  exist,  and  are  of  rude  local workmanship.  Neither  in  this  building  nor  in  any other  of  those  I visited  did  I see  any  ancient  stone or  brazen  images  from  India,  nor  could  I hear  of  any.

All the itineraries we have scheduled for 2026 include a visit to this wonderful building.

Waddell, L. A., Lhasa and its Mysteries: with a record of the expedition of 1903–1904, Methuen & Co., London, 1906, p. 230 ff.

About me: I have spent 30 years in China, much of the time traveling and studying this country’s culture. My most popular research focuses on Chinese characters (Chinese Characters: An Easy Learning Method Based on Their Etymology and Evolution), Matriarchy in China (there is a book with this title), and minority cultures (The Naxi of Southwest China). 

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